By Julie Sturgeon
Data from : http://www.homeimprover.com/articles/998/bathroom_remodeling.htm
Nesting may be the ‘90’s buzzword, but the inspiration for our bathrooms is just the opposite. Spurred by the luxurious bathroom areas upscale hotels provide during business trips, homeowners are turning their necessary rooms into sanctuaries devoted to pampering.
That’s one reason why high-end looks such as marble, granite and onyx, and grand architectural touches like one-quarter to one-half inch round fluted columns prevail, says Jodi Carter, vice president of the design division at Century Marble/Centura Solid Surfacing. It also explains why those who remodel their bathrooms this decade often are motivated by the need for more space.
"The key is to take your compromise," says Doug McCool, the manager and co-owner of McCool’s Flooring. "Authentic marble compromises cost maintenance, but, on the other hand, you have a material that would last generations. Prioritize with whatever works with your family life and schedule."
Flooring
Flooring selection is a hassle-free procedure; the natural quarry look of slate, granite and marble basically have crowded out other contenders, experts say. For starters, the natural appearance helps hide sopiling and deposits. "DuPont recently conducted a survey for the flooring industry and discovered that where people used to be concerned about discoloration, now low maintenance is the number one characteristic on their list," McCool says.
Secondly, the planned inconsistency means remodeling projects can pick up where the original flooring stops -- a perfect match isn’t even desirable.
But while the real McCoys are certainlyavailable, most homeowners puzzle between ceramic tile and vinyl materials to achieve these looks.
The building structure often can make the decision simpler: If the bathroom is over a crawl space or basement, McCool explains, the contractor must put down a half-inch thick concrete board to strengthen the floor and assure that the grout doesn’t crack when homeowners go with ceramic. Vinyl requires only a thin sheet of plywood subfloor, which prevents the homeowner from stepping up into the finished room as well-- an unwelcome byproduct of ceramic tiles.
Vinyl isn’t the cheaply manufactured product it was in the ‘70’s -- today’s version is technologically wnhanced to not only hold up longer but to lay down a better looking floor, too, McCool assures. New designer inlay patterns, created using through chip construction, deliver the true plushness only depth perception can achieve. "Before, it was a flat and resembled a shiny piece of wax on the floor. That look is gone," he adds.
Likewise, ceramic tile has experienced a technological rebirth. Today’s product is impervious to chips and scratches, thanks to more consistent glazing, controlled heat processes and better chemicals in the clay composition. According to McCool, the result boils down to predictable and recise shrinkage factor (to hundreds of an inch), so every tile in a lot is nearly identical in style. Homeowners may count on straighter grout lines and larger square tiles. Where one-inch by one-inch or two-inch by two-inch was yesterday’s standard bathroom tile measurements, McCool says 12-inch by 12-inch is now the norm.
The chic Italian marble surface shot through with dark veres hues, in particular, can attribute its increased presence to this technology. Authentic Italian marble requires a special adhesive to prevent the staone from curling in the corners -- a trait that has caused many homeowners to pause. The ceramic "knoch-off" offers a permanent solution that bypasses the inconveniences.
With any choice, the matte finish is preffered to avoid a slippery-when-wet illusion, and better hide water spots. And because a cool ceramic floor that is sop refreshing in the summer can turn painful during winter, homeowners are adding heating elements beneath the stone to warm their piggies.Tubs, Sink and Showers
Those oversized shower stalls -- interpreted as 60 inches by 32 or 34 inches, according to Carter -- most likely house the most in-demand feature available for 1998 bathroom: the body, not including the traditional shower head itself, the side-mounted tower resembles a car wash -- or a whirlpool on the wall, as Mary Wright, the kitchen and bath designer at Economy Kitchen and Bath, describes it.
The good news for existing bathrooms is that these towers, because of their slim-line style and acrylic materials, can be installed in standard shower stalls, although Wright doesn’t recommend this feature for any stalls smaller than 3 foot by 4 foot.
Custom benches and seats in the shower’s interior are common, as are double shower heads. "A lot of couples get ready together in the morning and some shower with their children. Two shower heads are very convenient," she says. However, the stalls are more conducive to these dual plesasures than tub/shower combinations. And almost everyone prefers a clear glass shower door that is only occasionally etched or frosted with a unique design, says Carter.
To meet the on-the-run family demand, many homewoners are exploring pressuring-balancing systems that automatically adjust the shower whenever someone flushes the toilets, cranks on the dishwasher opr fires up the washing machine. Valves keep the cascading water within 2 degrees Fahrenheit of its original temperature during these events. Some systems even offer memory capabilities that insure the water temperature remains consistent between uses.
Vanities’ newness lies at their bounderies: bull-nose edges that render the countertop thicker are the most popular, followed by the beveled, more delicate touch of an ogee edge. Homeowners pursuing the cutting edge lean more toward the deco drop-offs, which are built up slightly to invoke a Southwest flair, Carter says. At any finish, chic countertops now rest 36 inches up from the floor, as the higher placement is more comfortable for most Americans.
Tubs’ role has diminished in frequency this decade -- still, a few household fixtures rival the temptaiton of an evening sinking into a pile of warm bubbles. For this reason, oversized tubs defined as measurements beyond 60 inches by 32 inches, Wright says -- are also a hot item. Although cultured marble tubs cater to today’s lavish theme, acrylic is hands-down the material of choice for its light weight and ability to conduct heat.
The tub’s amenities also have expanded to include indulgences like built-in line heaters to hold the temperature, digital control read-outs, variable speed pumps , mood lights, built-in lumbar and arm rests, and oscillating jets that both move the water from left to right and rotate 360 degrees to rub homeowners the right way. "It’s like having your own masseuse," says Wright. "People want to run home and jump in!" For that reason it is not uncommon to fimd twin tubs side by side, in almost mirror-image of the sink basins.
Whirlpools and Saunas
Likewise, whirlpools have turned on the power in recent models to better fulfill their niche. Hot tubs -- the outdoor versions that holds multiple bathers -- are designed to steam away your stress; whirlpools for one or two bathersare more massage oriented.
"Hopefully, people get excited about whirlpool for this therapeutic value," Economy’s Wright says. That’s why she views today’s jet placement among the welcome improvements to this amenity -- manufacturers are placing them lower around the perimeter of the basin, which means bathers aren’t forced to empty as much of the home’s hot water supply, as well as mixing in additional jets to cover each area of the body. These jets are also varying the types of sprays they project and pressures to add to the tension reduction.
Ditto the whirlpool’s depth. The latest versions feature assorted depths, which accommodates a wider range of body types. "The shallow ones leave taller people freezing half out of the tub," Wright notes. The ovalshaped whirlpool measuring 72 inches by 42 inches is the most popular option.
Toilets
The government’s mandate of 1.6-gallon "low-flush" toilets has given rise to pressurize-assisted versions that attack the multiple flush problem at the pump. Although they were originally designed to rescue residents on a well system, this option equally is beneficial to urban dwellers, too. The one drawback: it’s a slightly noisier alternative. "But most customers say they can overcome that -it’s just wonderful not to have to keep flushing," offers Wright.
วันจันทร์ที่ 28 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2552
วันอาทิตย์ที่ 27 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2552
History of bathrooms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Although it was not with hygiene in mind, the first records for the use of baths date back as far as 3000 B.C. At this time water had a strong religious value, being seen as a purifying element for both body and soul, and so it was not uncommon for people to be required to cleanse themselves before entering a sacred area. Baths are recorded as part of a village or town life throughout this period, with a split between steam baths in Europe and America and cold baths in Asia. Communal baths were erected in a distinctly separate area to the living quarters of the village, with a view to preventing evil spirits from entering the domestic quarters of a commune.
According to Teresi et al. (2002):[1]
The third millennium B.C. was the "Age of Cleanliness." Toilets and sewers were invented in several parts of the world, and Mohenjo-Daro circa 2800 B.C. had some of the most advanced, with lavatories built into the outer walls of houses. These were "Western-style" toilets made from bricks with wooden seats on top. They had vertical chutes, through which waste fell into street drains or cesspits. Sir Mortimer Wheeler, the director general of archaeology in India from 1944 to 1948, wrote, "The high quality of the sanitary arrangements could well be envied in many parts of the world today."
Nearly all of the hundreds of houses excavated had their own bathing rooms. Generally located on the ground floor, the bath was made of brick, sometimes with a surrounding curb to sit on. The water drained away through a hole in the floor, down chutes or pottery pipes in the walls, into the municipal drainage system. Even the fastidious Egyptians rarely had special bathrooms.
Not all ancient baths were in the style of the large pools that often come to mind when one imagines the Roman baths; the earliest surviving bathtub dates back to 1700 B.C, and hails from the Palace of Knossos in Crete.[2] What is remarkable about this tub is not only the similarity with the baths of today, but also the way in which the plumbing works surrounding it differ so little from modern models. A more advanced prehistoric (15th century BC and before) system of baths and plumbing is to be found in the excavated town of Akrotiri, on the Aegean island of Thera. There, alabaster tubs and other bath fittings were found, along with a sophisticated twin plumbing system to transport hot and cold water separately. This was probably because of easy access to geothermic hot springs on this volcanic island. Both the Greeks and the Romans recognised the value of bathing as an important part of their lifestyles. Writers such as Homer had their heroes bathe in warm water so as to regain their strength; it is perhaps notable that the mother of Achilles bathed him in order to gain his invincibility. Palaces have been uncovered throughout Greece with areas that are dedicated to bathing, spaces with ceramic bathtubs, as well as sophisticated drainage systems. Homer uses the word λοετρά, loetrá, "baths", later λουτρά, loutrá, from the verb λούειν, loúein, to bathe. The same root finds an even earlier attestation on Linear B tablets, in the name of the River Lousios ("bathing" [river]), in Arcadia. Public baths are mentioned by the comedian Aristophanes as βαλανεία, balaneía (Sing.: βαλανείον, balaneíon, Latinized as balneum, a "balneary").
The Roman attitudes towards bathing are well documented; they built large purpose-built thermal baths, marking not only an important social development, but also providing a public source of relaxation and rejuvenation. Here was a place where people could meet to discuss the matters of the day and enjoy entertainment. During this period there was a distinction between private and public baths, with many wealthy families having their own thermal baths in their houses. Despite this they still made use of the public baths, showing the value that they had as a public institution. The strength of the Roman Empire was telling in this respect; imports from throughout the world allowed the Roman citizens to enjoy ointments, incense, combs, and mirrors.
Although some sources suggest that bathing declined following the collapse of the Roman Empire, this is not completely accurate. It was actually the Middle Ages that saw the beginning of soap production, proof that bathing was definitely not uncommon. It was only after the Renaissance that bathing declined; water was feared as a carrier of disease, and thus sweat baths and heavy perfumes were preferred.
In fact throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the use of public baths declined gradually in the west, and private spaces were favoured, thus laying the foundations for the bathroom, as it was to become, in the 20th century. However in Japan shared bathing in sento and onsen (spas) still exists; the latter being very popular.
Although it was not with hygiene in mind, the first records for the use of baths date back as far as 3000 B.C. At this time water had a strong religious value, being seen as a purifying element for both body and soul, and so it was not uncommon for people to be required to cleanse themselves before entering a sacred area. Baths are recorded as part of a village or town life throughout this period, with a split between steam baths in Europe and America and cold baths in Asia. Communal baths were erected in a distinctly separate area to the living quarters of the village, with a view to preventing evil spirits from entering the domestic quarters of a commune.
According to Teresi et al. (2002):[1]
The third millennium B.C. was the "Age of Cleanliness." Toilets and sewers were invented in several parts of the world, and Mohenjo-Daro circa 2800 B.C. had some of the most advanced, with lavatories built into the outer walls of houses. These were "Western-style" toilets made from bricks with wooden seats on top. They had vertical chutes, through which waste fell into street drains or cesspits. Sir Mortimer Wheeler, the director general of archaeology in India from 1944 to 1948, wrote, "The high quality of the sanitary arrangements could well be envied in many parts of the world today."
Nearly all of the hundreds of houses excavated had their own bathing rooms. Generally located on the ground floor, the bath was made of brick, sometimes with a surrounding curb to sit on. The water drained away through a hole in the floor, down chutes or pottery pipes in the walls, into the municipal drainage system. Even the fastidious Egyptians rarely had special bathrooms.
Not all ancient baths were in the style of the large pools that often come to mind when one imagines the Roman baths; the earliest surviving bathtub dates back to 1700 B.C, and hails from the Palace of Knossos in Crete.[2] What is remarkable about this tub is not only the similarity with the baths of today, but also the way in which the plumbing works surrounding it differ so little from modern models. A more advanced prehistoric (15th century BC and before) system of baths and plumbing is to be found in the excavated town of Akrotiri, on the Aegean island of Thera. There, alabaster tubs and other bath fittings were found, along with a sophisticated twin plumbing system to transport hot and cold water separately. This was probably because of easy access to geothermic hot springs on this volcanic island. Both the Greeks and the Romans recognised the value of bathing as an important part of their lifestyles. Writers such as Homer had their heroes bathe in warm water so as to regain their strength; it is perhaps notable that the mother of Achilles bathed him in order to gain his invincibility. Palaces have been uncovered throughout Greece with areas that are dedicated to bathing, spaces with ceramic bathtubs, as well as sophisticated drainage systems. Homer uses the word λοετρά, loetrá, "baths", later λουτρά, loutrá, from the verb λούειν, loúein, to bathe. The same root finds an even earlier attestation on Linear B tablets, in the name of the River Lousios ("bathing" [river]), in Arcadia. Public baths are mentioned by the comedian Aristophanes as βαλανεία, balaneía (Sing.: βαλανείον, balaneíon, Latinized as balneum, a "balneary").
The Roman attitudes towards bathing are well documented; they built large purpose-built thermal baths, marking not only an important social development, but also providing a public source of relaxation and rejuvenation. Here was a place where people could meet to discuss the matters of the day and enjoy entertainment. During this period there was a distinction between private and public baths, with many wealthy families having their own thermal baths in their houses. Despite this they still made use of the public baths, showing the value that they had as a public institution. The strength of the Roman Empire was telling in this respect; imports from throughout the world allowed the Roman citizens to enjoy ointments, incense, combs, and mirrors.
Although some sources suggest that bathing declined following the collapse of the Roman Empire, this is not completely accurate. It was actually the Middle Ages that saw the beginning of soap production, proof that bathing was definitely not uncommon. It was only after the Renaissance that bathing declined; water was feared as a carrier of disease, and thus sweat baths and heavy perfumes were preferred.
In fact throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the use of public baths declined gradually in the west, and private spaces were favoured, thus laying the foundations for the bathroom, as it was to become, in the 20th century. However in Japan shared bathing in sento and onsen (spas) still exists; the latter being very popular.
Design considerations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The design of a bathroom must account for the use of both hot and cold water, in significant quantities, for cleaning the human body. The water is also used for moving solid and liquid human waste to a sewer or septic tank. Water may be splashed on the walls and floor, and hot humid air may cause condensation on cold surfaces. From a decorating point of view the bathroom presents a challenge. Ceiling, wall and floor materials and coverings should be impervious to water and readily and easily cleaned. The use of ceramic or glass, as well as smooth plastic materials, is common in bathrooms for their ease of cleaning. Such surfaces are often cold to the touch, however, and so water-resistant bath mats or even bathroom carpets may be used on the floor to make the room more comfortable. Alternatively, the floor may be heated, possibly by strategically placing heater conduits close to the surface.
Electrical appliances, such as lights, heaters, and heated towel rails, generally need to be installed as fixtures, with permanent connections rather than plugs and sockets. This minimizes the risk of electric shock. Ground-fault circuit interruptor electrical sockets can reduce the risk of electric shock, and are required for bathroom socket installation by electrical and building codes in the United States and Canada. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, only special sockets suitable for electric shavers are permitted in bathrooms, and are labelled as such.
The design of a bathroom must account for the use of both hot and cold water, in significant quantities, for cleaning the human body. The water is also used for moving solid and liquid human waste to a sewer or septic tank. Water may be splashed on the walls and floor, and hot humid air may cause condensation on cold surfaces. From a decorating point of view the bathroom presents a challenge. Ceiling, wall and floor materials and coverings should be impervious to water and readily and easily cleaned. The use of ceramic or glass, as well as smooth plastic materials, is common in bathrooms for their ease of cleaning. Such surfaces are often cold to the touch, however, and so water-resistant bath mats or even bathroom carpets may be used on the floor to make the room more comfortable. Alternatively, the floor may be heated, possibly by strategically placing heater conduits close to the surface.
Electrical appliances, such as lights, heaters, and heated towel rails, generally need to be installed as fixtures, with permanent connections rather than plugs and sockets. This minimizes the risk of electric shock. Ground-fault circuit interruptor electrical sockets can reduce the risk of electric shock, and are required for bathroom socket installation by electrical and building codes in the United States and Canada. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, only special sockets suitable for electric shavers are permitted in bathrooms, and are labelled as such.
Types of bathrooms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A bathroom directly connected to a bedroom is often called an en-suite bathroom. Its use is primarily intended for the occupants of that bedroom only. In French the term "en-suite" literally means "a following", in this case referring to the bathroom being part of the bedroom to which it is attached. A bathroom adjacent to or directly connected to a master bedroom in a private home is generally called a master bathroom, unless it is shared by other bedrooms or is the only bathroom in the home. An en-suite bathroom attached to two bedrooms is sometimes referred to as a "Jack and Jill bathroom". Travelers often get confused regarding different types of bathrooms when booking rooms in hotels and bed and breakfast accommodation. Some common questions relate to en-suite, "private" and "shared" bathrooms (sometimes called "facilities"). Both en-suite and private bathrooms are for the exclusive use of the occupants of a particular bedroom. An en-suite bathroom is accessed from within the bedroom, however, whereas a private bathroom is accessed from outside the bedroom but is normally adjacent or near to the bedroom. A shared bathroom is a bathroom outside of any bedroom that is shared between guests staying in two or more separate bedrooms. Although the word bathroom may be used, this room may have a shower stall instead of a bathtub. The bathroom would also normally include a toilet as well as washing facilities.
A bathroom directly connected to a bedroom is often called an en-suite bathroom. Its use is primarily intended for the occupants of that bedroom only. In French the term "en-suite" literally means "a following", in this case referring to the bathroom being part of the bedroom to which it is attached. A bathroom adjacent to or directly connected to a master bedroom in a private home is generally called a master bathroom, unless it is shared by other bedrooms or is the only bathroom in the home. An en-suite bathroom attached to two bedrooms is sometimes referred to as a "Jack and Jill bathroom". Travelers often get confused regarding different types of bathrooms when booking rooms in hotels and bed and breakfast accommodation. Some common questions relate to en-suite, "private" and "shared" bathrooms (sometimes called "facilities"). Both en-suite and private bathrooms are for the exclusive use of the occupants of a particular bedroom. An en-suite bathroom is accessed from within the bedroom, however, whereas a private bathroom is accessed from outside the bedroom but is normally adjacent or near to the bedroom. A shared bathroom is a bathroom outside of any bedroom that is shared between guests staying in two or more separate bedrooms. Although the word bathroom may be used, this room may have a shower stall instead of a bathtub. The bathroom would also normally include a toilet as well as washing facilities.
Bathroom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A bathroom is a room that may have different functions depending on the cultural context. In the most literal sense, the word bathroom means "a room with a bath". Because the traditional bathtubs have partly made way for modern showers, including steam showers, the more general definition is "a room where one bathes". There can be just a shower, just a bathtub or both; and often both plumbing fixtures are combined in the bathtub. The room may also contain a sink, often called a "wash basin" or "hand basin" (in parts of the USA) and often a "lavatory".
In the United States, "bathroom" commonly means "a room containing a lavatory". In other countries this is usually called the "toilet" or alternatively "water closet" (WC), lavatory or "loo". The word "bathroom" is also used in the U.S. for a public toilet (the more formal U.S. term being "restroom").
In the United States, bathrooms are generally categorized as a "full bathroom" (or "full bath"), containing four plumbing fixtures: bathtub, shower, toilet, and sink; "half (1/2) bath" (or "powder room") containing just a toilet and sink; and "3/4 bath" containing toilet, sink, and shower, although the terms vary from market to market. In some U.S. markets, a toilet, sink, and shower are considered a "full bath". This lack of a single, universal definition commonly results in discrepancies between advertised and actual number of baths in real estate listings. An additional complication is that there are currently two ways of notating the number of bathrooms in a dwelling. One method is to count a half bathroom as ".5" and then add this to the number of full bathrooms (e.g., "2.5" baths would mean 2 full baths and 1 half bath). The other, newer method is to put the number of full bathrooms to the left side of the decimal point and to put the number of half bathrooms to the right of the decimal point (e.g., "2.1" would mean 2 full baths and 1 half bath; "3.2" would mean 3 full baths and 2 half baths).
A bathroom is a room that may have different functions depending on the cultural context. In the most literal sense, the word bathroom means "a room with a bath". Because the traditional bathtubs have partly made way for modern showers, including steam showers, the more general definition is "a room where one bathes". There can be just a shower, just a bathtub or both; and often both plumbing fixtures are combined in the bathtub. The room may also contain a sink, often called a "wash basin" or "hand basin" (in parts of the USA) and often a "lavatory".
In the United States, "bathroom" commonly means "a room containing a lavatory". In other countries this is usually called the "toilet" or alternatively "water closet" (WC), lavatory or "loo". The word "bathroom" is also used in the U.S. for a public toilet (the more formal U.S. term being "restroom").
In the United States, bathrooms are generally categorized as a "full bathroom" (or "full bath"), containing four plumbing fixtures: bathtub, shower, toilet, and sink; "half (1/2) bath" (or "powder room") containing just a toilet and sink; and "3/4 bath" containing toilet, sink, and shower, although the terms vary from market to market. In some U.S. markets, a toilet, sink, and shower are considered a "full bath". This lack of a single, universal definition commonly results in discrepancies between advertised and actual number of baths in real estate listings. An additional complication is that there are currently two ways of notating the number of bathrooms in a dwelling. One method is to count a half bathroom as ".5" and then add this to the number of full bathrooms (e.g., "2.5" baths would mean 2 full baths and 1 half bath). The other, newer method is to put the number of full bathrooms to the left side of the decimal point and to put the number of half bathrooms to the right of the decimal point (e.g., "2.1" would mean 2 full baths and 1 half bath; "3.2" would mean 3 full baths and 2 half baths).
Factors of Marketing Mix Influencing on Consumers Buying Decisions for KARAT Sanitary Ware
ปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจซื้อเครื่องสุขภัณฑ์กะรัต
ปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจซื้อเครื่องสุขภัณฑ์กะรัต
โดย ร้อยตำรวจเอก ชาตรี แหวนสูงเนิน
บทคัดย่อ
การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาถึงปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจซื้อเครื่องสุขภัณฑ์ กะรัต ใช้กลุ่มตัวอย่างผู้บริโภคในเขตกรุงเทพมหานคร ตอนเหนือที่เคยซื้อเครื่องสุขภัณฑ์ กะรัต จำนวน 350 ตัวอย่างโดยใช้แบบสอบถามเป็นเครื่องมือในการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลส่วนการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลใช้การแจกแจงความถี่ ค่าร้อยละ และค่าเฉลี่ย ทดสอบความสัมพันธ์ทางสถิติโดยใช้ค่า Correlation , Multi Regression และ Chi-square
ผลการวิจัยพบว่า ปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดทั้ง 4 ตัวอันได้แก่ ผลิตภัณฑ์ราคา ช่องทางการจัดจำหน่ายและการส่งเสริมการตลาดมีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจซื้อเครื่องสุขภัณฑ์ กะรัตโดยปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจซื้อมากที่สุด คือ ปัจจัยด้านการส่งเสริมการตลาด นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่าปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดทั้ง 4ตัวมีความสัมพันธ์ซึ่งกันและกัน ซึ่งปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดแต่ละตัวที่ผู้บริโภคให้ความสำคัญมากที่สุด มีดังนี้คือ 1. ปัจจัยด้านผลิตภัณฑ์คือความคงทนถาวร 2. ปัจจัยด้านราคาคือการตั้งราคาเหมาะกับคุณภาพ 3.ปัจจัยด้านช่องทางการจัดจำหน่าย คือ ร้านค้าจำหน่ายใกล้บ้าน 4.ปัจจัยด้านการส่งเสริมการตลาด คือ การขายโดยใช้พนักงานขายจากการหาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างปัจจัยส่วนบุคคลกับปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดพบว่า 1.เพศไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กับปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดทั้ง 4 ตัว 2. อายุมีความสัมพันธ์กับปัจจัยส่วนประสมการตลาดทั้ง 4 ตัว 3. อาชีพไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กับปัจจัย ส่วนประสมการตลาดทั้ง 4 ตัว 4. สถานภาพความสัมพันธ์กับราคาและช่องทางการจัดจำหน่าย 5. รายได้มีความสัมพันธ์กับผลบิตภัณฑ์และราคา 6. การศึกษามีความสัพพันธ์กับผลิตภัณฑ์และช่องทางการจัดจำหน่าย
ผลการวิจัยพบว่า ปัจจัยที่สภาพแวดล้อมที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือในระดับมาก คือ ปัจจัยเศรษฐกิจ ปัจจัยด้านกฎหมาย ส่วนปัจจัยอื่นๆที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือในระดับมากคือปัจจัยด้านเชื้อเพลิง ปัจจัยด้านเรือ และปัจจัยด้านเส้นทาง ปัจจัยสภาพแวดล้อมที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือในระดับปานกลางคือแข่งขันและปัจจัยด้านสังคม ปัจจัยอื่นๆที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือในระดับปานกลางคือ ปัจจัยด้านสินค้า ผลจากการทดสอบสมมติฐาน ณ ระดับนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ 0.05 พบว่า ความคิดเห็นของผู้จัดการและกัปตันเกี่ยวกับปัจจัยที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือไม่แตกต่างกัน ยกเว้นปัจจัยด้านเรือ และปัจจัยด้านสังคม บริษัทที่มีระยะเวลาดำเนินงานแตกต่างกันมีความคิดเห็นต่อปัจจัยที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือไม่แตกต่างกัน บริษัทที่มีลักษณะแตกต่างกันมีความคิดเห็นต่อปัจจัยที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือแตกต่างกัน ในปัจจัยด้านเศรษฐกิจ ปัจจัยด้านสิงคม ปัจจัยด้านเส้นทางและปัจจัยด้านเชื้อเพลิง บริษัทที่มีประเภทเรือแตกต่างกันมีความคิดเห็นต่อปัจจัยที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือไม่แตกต่างกัน ยกเว้นปัจจัยด้านสังคม ปัจจัยทางด้านกฎหมาย และปัจจัยด้านเส้นทาง ส่วนบริษัทที่มีจำนวนเรือแตกต่างกันมีความคิดเห็นต่อปัจจัยที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการขนส่งสินค้าทางเรือไม่แตกต่างกัน ยกเว้นปัจจัยด้านเชื้อเพลิง
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this research were to study Factors of Marketing Mix Influencing on Consumers Buying Decisions for KARAT Sanitary Ware. This research concentrated only the consumers who live in North Bangkok; The sample group were 350 persons who used to buy KARAT sanitary ware. Using questionnaires to collect information. Analysis by Frequency. Percentage, Mean, Correlation, Multi-Regression and Chi-square were used to test the relationships.
The results from this study found that All Marking Mix such as Product, Price, Place and Promotion were Influencing on consumers buying Decisions KARAT Sanitary ware, by promotion factor was the most influence for buying decision. By this study all of 4 Marketing Mix factors were relation all together, and the factor of Marketing Mix that most important for customers was 1.Product factor was the permanent. 2.Price factor was the suitable price with quality. 3.Place factor was the distance from shop and 4.Promotion factor was selling by personal sale. By the correlation between personal factor and Marketing mix that 1. Sex was not relation with all of 4 Marketing Mix. 2. Age was relation with all of Marketing Mix. 3. Occupation was not relation with all of 4 Marketing Mix . 4. Status was relation with Price and Place. 5. Earning was relation with Product and Price. 6.Education was relation with Product and Place.
ข้อมูล จาก มหาวิทยาลัยเซนต์จอห์น
http://www.stjohn.ac.th/University/research/research039.htm
วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 24 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2552
แบ่งปันให้น้องๆอ่ะ
สำหรับชีวิตชาวเมืองอย่างเรา กินเที่ยวกันมื้อเดียว เหล้าขวด Mixer กับแกล้ม อาหารอีกนิดหน่อย บรรยากาศดีๆ ดนตรีเพราะๆ วง Band ทิปเด็กเสิร์ฟซักร้อย เด็กรับรถซักยี่สิบ PR ที่อำนวยความสะดวกในการจองโต๊ะ เบ็ดเสร็จ สามพัน อาจจะไม่พอ แต่ทุกปี
เมื่อถึงวันสำคัญของชีวิต ได้แบ่งปันให้น้องๆที่ขาดโอกาสบ้างก็ดีนะ ไม่น่าเชื่อ มื้อเดียวของเรากินกับเพื่อนไม่ถึงห้าคนสามพันไม่พอ แต่เงิจำนวนเท่ากัน เลี้ยงก๋วยเตี๋ยวกับไอติมน้องๆได้ถึง เกือบสองร้อยคน บรรยายไม่ถูกอ่ะ มันคงเป็นเรื่องธรรมดามากนะ ที่นานๆจะ
ทำที รู้สึกมีความสุขและอิ่มใจที่ได้แบ่งปันให้ จนลืมเวลาไปเลยว่าเราทำมาสิบห้าปีแล้วเหรอเนี่ย จนเด็กนักเรียนรุ่นแรกที่เราไปเลี้ยง
เรียนจบปริญญาโท เป็นอาจารย์สอนอยู่มหาวิทยาลัย คนนึงแล้ว ปลื้มใจจัง ดูบรรยากาศเองละกัน
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